Dove

Dove is formulated to be pH neutral, with a pH that is usually between 6.5 and 7.5. Dove contains lesser alkali than other soap.

Heres the commercial:

Acid

Acid
An acid in common usage is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, turns blue litmus paper red, and has a pH less than 7.0 in its standard state. Examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries). Acid/base systems are different from redox reactions in that there is no change in oxidation state. Acids can occur in solid, liquid or gaseous form, depending on the temperature. They can exist as pure substances or in solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.

Acids are generally dangerous. Never drink them or put them near your eyes. Never pour water into a concentrated acid as it heats up and can spit hot acid at you.


An indicator is a chemical that changes colour. Indicators are liquids, but they can be soaked into a type of paper similar to blotting-paper to form strips of indicator paper.

Just dip the indicator paper into the unknown liquid and it will change colour to show the pH.

The simplest indicator is Litmus (from the Litmus plant). It goes red in acids, blue in alkalis.

pH = less than 7 pH = more than 7

Universal indicator is a better indicator than litmus because it can show a greater range of colours. The chart below shows the approximate colour that universal indicator goes when put into liquids of different pH values.

pH = 3 or less pH = 4 or 5 pH = 6 pH = 7 (neutral) pH = 8 or 9 pH = 10 or more

Universal indicator is available as a liquid or soaked into absorbing paper. It is often used to work out the pH of soil samples to see which plants can be grown in a certain patch of ground.

There are other indicators, for example, methyl orange (which changes colour from colourless to orange at pH of about 3). They all have different pH values where they change colour, and each has its own uses.

references:http://richardbowles.tripod.com/chemistry/acids/acids.htm

Hydrogen/Nuclear Bomb

Firstly, how does a hydrogen/nuclear bomb work?
­Nuclear bombs involve the forces, strong and weak, that hold the nucleus of an atom together, especially atoms with unstable nuclei. There are two basic ways that nuclear energy can be released from an atom:

•Nuclear fission - You can split the nucleus of an atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium-239.
•Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one (helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy

In either process, fission or fusion, large amounts of heat energy and radiation are given off.

To build an atomic bomb, you need:

•A source of fissionable or fusionable fuel
•A triggering device
•A way to allow the majority of fuel to fission or fuse before the explosion occurs (otherwise the bomb will fizzle out)

this video shows you what destruction a nuclear bomb can bring:

Molecules

A molecule is defined as an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to charged organic molecules and biomolecules.

heres a brief explaination on what molecules are:

Ions

Ions are atoms with either extra electrons or missing electrons. A normal atom is called a neutral atom. That term describes an atom with a number of electrons equal to the atomic number.

For example, a sodium (Na) atom have eleven electrons, one too many to have the shell filled. You need to find another element who will take that electron away from the atom. Bring in chlorine (Cl). Chlorine (Cl) will take that electron away and leave the sodium atom with 10 electrons inside of two filled shells. Now, it has became an ion and missing one electron. It is now a sodium ion (Na+). It has one less electron than its atomic number.

Isotopes

An atom is missing a neutron or has an extra neutron. That type of atom is called an isotope. An atom is still the same element if it is missing an electron. The same goes for isotopes. They are still the same element. They are just a little different from every other atom of the same element.


Radioactive Isotopes
Radioactive isotopes, also called radioisotopes, are atoms with a different number of neutrons than a usual atom, with an unstable nucleus that decays, emitting alpha, beta and gamma rays until the isotope reaches stability. Once it's stable, the isotope becomes another element entirely. Radioactive decay is spontaneous so it's often hard to know when it will take place or what sort of rays it will emit during decay.'

references taken from: http://www.ehow.com/about_5095610_radioactive-isotopes.html

Neutron

Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. They are usually found in atomic nuclei. The nuclei of most atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms. The number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of an element. For example, the abundant carbon-12 isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the very rare radioactive carbon-14 isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.


All elements have atoms with neutrons except for one. A normal hydrogen (H) atom does not have any neutrons in its tiny nucleus. That tiny little atom (the tiniest of all) has only one electron and one proton. You can take away the electron and make an ion, but you can't take away any neutrons.

If you add a thousand neutrons you will be creating one super-radioactive atom.

Proton

Proton
A proton is one of the most important types of subatomic particles. Protons combine with electrons and (usually) neutrons to make atoms. Protons are nearly the same size as neutrons and are much larger than electrons. A proton has a mass about 1,836 times greater than the mass of an electron, but the masses of protons and neutrons differ from each other by less than one percent. A proton has a mass of 1.6726 x 10-24 grams.

Protons have a positive electrical charge, which is sometimes called the elementary charge or fundamental charge or a charge of +1.

Electron

Electron
Electrons are the negatively charged particles of atoms. Together, all of the electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge of the protons in the atomic nucleus. Electrons are extremely small compared to all of the other parts of the atom. The mass of an electron is almost 1,000 times smaller than the mass of a proton.


Electrons play a major role in many chemical bonds. There is one type of bonding called electrovalent bonding (ionic) where an ion from one atom is transferred to another atom. It is an even trade, creating two ions. The second type of bonding is called covalent bonding.

Mass number and Atomic Number

Mass number.
Mass number which is also known as the nucleon number, is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons.

Atomic number.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines an element's atomic number. In other words, each element has a unique number that identifies how many protons are in one atom of that element. For example, all hydrogen atoms, and only hydrogen atoms, contain one proton and have an atomic number of 1.

references taken from: wkipedia

Atom

The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. A group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a molecule. An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive or negative charge and is an ion. An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.


atoms are composed of pieces like neutrons, electrons, and protons.

references taken from: wkipedia

Duodenum (Small intestine)

The duodenum is part of the small intestine. Some of the food that was digested in the stomach will then move on to the duodenum. Here, all classes of food is digested.
The enzymes present in the duodenum would be: pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin and maltase. All undigested food will then be transported into the large intestine.

reference: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/small_intestine.html

Mouth

There two actions that take place in the mouth, physical and chemical.

First, the teeth chews the food into smaller pieces and the tongue rolls it into balls.
The enyzme in the mouth which is known as the salivery amylase then breaks down starch into maltose, this is where starch digestion takes place. The food then travels down the oesophagus.

Stomach

The stomach is a part of the alimentary canal. The stomach only secretes one enyzme, and thats proteas to help in the digestion of food it also secretes hydrochloric acid. As we all know enyzme helps to work on the protein, so what does hyrochloric acid do? It helps to kill the foreign bacteria, this is also one of the reasons why the stomach is so acidic, cause it contains hydrochloric acid.




sorry, i dont know why all the videos i upload all turns out like that, i'll try to solve the problem meanwhile, just double click on the video so that it directly leads you to youtube and you can watch it from there, sorry.

Protein

It provides the energy needed when the body is lack of carbo and fats. It is also used for the growth of new cells and the repair for damaged ones.
Protein is made up of: CHON(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.)

Protein is digested in the stomach as the stomach produces an enzyme called proteas to work on the protein.

Biuret test is to test for the presence of protein, if protein is present, the solution turns into violet, if not, it will remain its original colour.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide energy for all body cells.

There are three types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, dissaccharides and polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen and cellulose
Monosaccharides: Galactose, fructose and glucose
Dissaccharides: Maltose, sucrose and lactose.

Cellulose cannot be digested and monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar.

This video is pretty much it.

(i'm sorry its kinda in a bad quality....)

To test for carbohydrates: Benedicts and Iodine test.

Benedicts test is to test for the presence of reducing sugar. When reducing sugar is present, the solution will turn to a orange-red precipitate. If reducing sugar is not present, the solution will remain its original colour.

Iodine test is to test for the presence of starch. If starch is present, the iodine will turn from brown to blue-black. If not, the starch will remain brown.

Raw and Cooked.

Does raw food or cooked food disgest faster?
Firstly, when raw food is exposed to a temperature of 118 degrees, they start to break down, it contains enzymes to digest food. Once the enzymes are exposed to that temperature, they are no longer to provide the function they were designed to. Raw food is easily digested and is digested faster than cooked food. Since raw food has alot of enzymes that helps in digestion, raw food is digested faster compared to cooked food.

So, is it better to eat raw food or cooked food?
Raw food is much better as it is easily digested. Cooked foods contribute to chronic illness, because their enzyme content is damaged and thus requires us to make our own enzymes to process the food.

reference: http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/enzymes.htm

Voltmeter and Ammeter

Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.

Ammeter
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.

Electricity

Electric Current
Electric current is whenever electric charge moves. Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Amperes. The standard abbreviations for the units are 1 A.
Electric Charge
Electric charge, also called "electricity," is a funamental component of everyday matter. Objects are made of molecules and atoms, atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the protons and electrons are made in part out of electric charge.

Electric Field
When positive charges attract negative charges, there is an electric field joining the charges together. Electric fields are a lot like magnetism. However, electric fields are NOT MAGNETIC.

Electrons.
Whenever an electric current appears in a copper wire, the electrons already present within the copper are forced to flow. Batteries and generators don't put those electrons into the wires. The electrons were already there, because wires are made partly of electrons.

Voltage
Voltage is one way that we can measure an electric field. In a battery circuit, the voltage from the battery causes the charges of the wire to flow. VOLTAGE CAUSES CURRENT.

Why is red the top colour while violet at the bottom?

The amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light. Red has a longer wavelength followed by the other decreasing colours in the rainbow.

Dispersion of white light.

When a white light is incident on the first surface of the prism it gets refracted. But each constituent of the white light gets refracted through a different angle, i.e., white light gets dispersed. When these colours are incident on the second surface of the prism they again undergo refraction (they get refracted from a denser to rarer medium) and the colours are separated further. Thus a beam of white light incident on a prism splits into its constituent colours to form a spectrum. Each constituent of the white light is deviated towards the base of the prism. Violet colour suffers the maximum deviation and red the least. The spectrum obtained is impure as the colours in the spectrum do not have any sharp boundaries i.e., each colour merges gradually into the next.
taken from: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/human-eye-colourful-world/dispersion-white-light-prism.php

this video gives a simple explaination about light dispersion.

Refraction

Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at an angle.

If a light wave passes from a less dense medium in which it travels slow into a medium in which it travels fast, then the light wave will refract away from the normal. In such a case, the refracted ray will be farther from the normal line than the incident ray. On the other hand, if a light wave passes from a denser medium in which it travels fast into a medium in which it travels slow, then the light wave will refract towards the normal. In such a case, the refracted ray will be closer to the normal line than the incident ray is.

reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction

Reflection- Convex, concave and plane mirrors.

Plane mirrors.

Plane mirrors, the image is said to be a virtual image. Virtual images are images which are formed in locations where light does not actually reach.

There are some characteristics of a plane mirror:

1. Images are virtual.
2. If you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror, you will quickly notice that there is an apparent left-right reversal of the image.
3. The object distance is equal to the image distance. That is the image is the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
4. Dimensions of the image are the same as the dimensions of the object.

Convex mirrors.

A convex mirror is described as a portion of a sphere which had been sliced away, that bends out. If the outside of the sphere is silvered such that it can reflect light, then the mirror is said to be convex.

Concave mirrors.

A concave mirror is a also described as a portion of a sphere which had been sliced away, that bends in. If the inside of the sphere is silvered such that it can reflect light, then the mirror is said to be concave.

reference: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/

Reflection

Reflection is throwinf back or deflection of waves, such as light or sound waves, when they hit a surface. Reflection occurs whenever light falls on an object. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence (the angle between the ray and a perpendicular line drawn to the surface) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle between the reflected ray and a perpendicular to the surface).

reference: http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006047.html

Snell's Law

Snell's law, is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water and glass.

Snell's law is used to determine the direction of light rays through refractive media with varying indices of refraction. The indices of refraction of the media, labeled n1,n2 and so on, are used to represent the factor by which a light ray's speed decreases when traveling through a refractive medium, such as glass or water, as opposed to its velocity in a vacuum.
As light passes the border between media, depending upon the relative refractive indices of the two media, the light will either be refracted to a lesser angle, or a greater one. These angles are measured with respect to the normal line, represented perpendicular to the boundary. In the case of light traveling from air into water, light would be refracted towards the normal line, because the light is slowed down in water; light traveling from water to air would refract away from the normal line.
Refraction between two surfaces is also referred to as reversible because if all conditions were identical, the angles would be the same for light propagating in the opposite direction.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

Are sports drink acidic?

Are "sports drinks" acidic?

There are all together 3 different types of sports drinks: Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic.

Sports drinks contain acid which may be harmful to us, especially for our teeth. All acids have an erosive potential but the method of drinking will influence whether or not those acids affect the teeth. Method of drinking? Sports drinks should be drank quickly and is advised to use a straw and not be held or swished around the mouth. Spending too much time drinking it or leaving it in your mouth for a long time, may cause erosion. Putting the drink into the refrigerater helps reduce the erosive potential as the acid dissolution constant is temperature dependant.

Taken from: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/drinks.htm

A new beginning.

hello! haha, i had to create a new blog since i forgot my pass.

haha k, anw...

Q1. Why cant we wear gloves to press the lift buttons?
i cant find any answers online... but i think it has something to do with heat.

what i think is, like especially for those sensitive to touch lift button, in order for it to work, they will have to detect the heat from our fingers.. And when we're wearing gloves to press the lift buttons, heat cannot pass through the gloves, hence, they cannot detect the heat and it wont work.

please do correct me if im wrong.

Q2.Why do ice stick to your fingers?

Our skin has high moisture content and very appropriate to form the bond with the oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms that are inside the ice facing outwards which causes them not to connect with the other molecules to form hydrogen bond. So when our finger meets with ice, they stick together.

Reference: http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2003-04/1050004418.Es.r.html